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Module 2
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Characteristics
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Difficulty reading words in isolation (single words)
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Difficulty accurately decoding (sounding out) unfamiliar words
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Difficulty with oral reading (slow, inaccurate, or labored)
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Difficulty spelling
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Phonological Processing Skills
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Difficulty segmenting, blending, and manipulating sounds in words (phonemic awareness)
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Trouble learning the names of letters and their sounds
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Difficulty holding information about sounds/words in memory (phonological memory)
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Struggles with rapidly recalling the names of familiar objects, colors, or letters of the alphabet (rapid naming)
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Unexpected
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In the absence of print, the child can understand content
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It is a surprise child is having difficulties learning to read
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Can do much better on assignments if they are read aloud
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Secondary Consequences
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Variable difficulty with aspects of reading comprehension
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Variable difficulty with aspects of written language
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Limited vocabulary growth due to reduced reading experiences
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